The growing use of Telegram messenger has affected the traditional relationships of couples in Iran. Due to the lack of filtering, easy access and specific technological attraction, Telegram has turned into the destination of virtual wave of immigration for Iranian social networks users. In this research we have studied the impact of Telegram on traditional relationships of Iranian couples by doing a survey on 150 married users in Tehran including 73 men and 77 women between 25 to 40 years old beside a control group of 101 married men and women who didn’t join to Telegram. According to this research, we found the relevance between using Telegram and outbreak of tension in couples interactions (p<.05). The rate of reliability of our questionnaire was α=0.83.

Eventually, our descriptive findings indicated that from our respondents 67 percent believed that they had a more satisfaction from their marital relationship before joining to Telegram while 24 percent disagree with our hypothesis and 9 percent chose indifference option in the questionnaire. Moreover, with the analysis of other questions we found how absence of verbal interaction, competition for gaining virtual capital to have more influence on family members and others in Telegram and frequent reconstruction of virtual identities for different situations in groups besides the differences of real world and the fantasy of virtual world in Iran, addiction to permanent presence in network and finally changing the construction of power through reduction of real situations in family’s structure into avatars lead to tension in couple relationships.

The research stems against the background of accelerating pace of life. As response people are forced to use several time – related strategies. Many of these strategies are facilitated by ICT and mobile technologies in particular. Working parents in particular are prone to time-related problems, because of many schedules tied together and many activities taking place. This study analyzes the way ICTs are used in daily life of employed families. The main research questions of our study are: what kind of time-related problems families’ experience, and how families’ use technology to organize time and daily activities?

Time related problems concern different dimensions of time, thus solutions to these vary. Based on earlier research on daily life and time, we know that time-related problems relate to, for example, (a) the total number of activities; (b) having too many time consuming activities; (c) fragmentation of time; (d) lack of control of time; and (e) having too many (or lack of) time institutions. There are differences on the way to solve or govern these daily puzzles on time. The study analyses an interview data of 21 employed men and women collected in Finland in 2015. The analysis relies on thematic content analysis.

The study finds that ICT tackles various dimensions of time. ICTs can be used to save or storing time, but also family time is actively protected to avoid ‘time contamination’ caused by ICT. Importantly ICT is used to coordinate and manage family routines, with various activities that are tied together.

Throughout the recent decades, several child-based interventions regarding children of divorced families have been developed. Nevertheless, research on these interventions is scattered and lacks a conceptual framework, needed to interpret their results and put them in context. This literature review assesses 25 interventions and provides a conceptual framework. We focus on previous research addressing child-based interventions that aim to improve children’s well-being and are directed towards children (6-12 years old) of divorced parents. Based on the previous literature, we construct a conceptual framework that consists of five dimensions based on the characteristics of these interventions. These dimensions are: origin, modality, target group, actor and location. Origin refers to interventions from an academic or practice-based background. Modality refers to group, family or individual interventions. Target group refers to a general group of children of divorced families or to a specialized group of children with a specific demand. Actor(s) refers to persons included: only children or children and parents. Location refers to where the intervention takes place: school, clinic, community center or court. Each dimension is explained and interventions are located within this conceptual framework. Subsequently, each dimension is discussed regarding its benefits and future challenges. This paper concludes that some dimensions are strongly elaborated, whereas others are poorly assessed. Therefore, it provides a clear view on blind spots of current intervention, like the low diversity within the modality dimension. Stakeholders in family practice might benefit from this study and develop child-based interventions starting from the gaps in our conceptual framework.

The aim of our study is to investigate the process of child custody in Hungary; especially in cases where the visitation of the parent is against the child’s mental or physical well-being and safety. The violence does not decrease but in some cases increases after the relationship breaks up. The visitation can offer an opportunity for the perpetrator for maintaining power and control over the mother and their child as well. Our hypothesis is that in those relationships where intimate partner violence could be found the fathers continued their violate behaviors throughout their child's visitation with institutional and judicial utilities. Our study uses mixed methods: we conducted 30 deep interviews with mothers who experienced problematic child custody cases and we reached also 1000 persons with an online survey. Our quantitative analysis shows the institutional processes, structures and the conceptualization of relationships and parent-child relations related data focusing on the institutional pathways of mothers and their children throughout the period of child custody. The deep interviews showed how non-custodial fathers could control and influence the everyday life of their ex-partner and so as their children’s as well. With the support of agencies and institutions and with the ensuring of the rights of the father perpetrators could intimidate their former partners and children while deprive their safety and autonomy.

Although previous research on family structure and children focused mainly on differences between family structures, recently, family research has concentrated on the accumulative effect of the various family transitions children experience, known as the multiple-transition perspective (Amato, 2010). Nevertheless, most studies have either concentrated on the number of family transitions children experience (e.g. Lee & McLanahan, 2015) or on a specific change in family structure (e.g. Ryan et al., 2015). We add to this literature by investigating how maternal and paternal family trajectories affet the subjective well-being of children, including various family structures changes as well as the duration of a specific family structure. By concentrating on maternal and paternal trajectories, gender differences can be investigated.

Therefore, we analyze two dyadic subsamples of the ‘Divorce in Flanders - DiF’ study: one of mothers and children (n=515) and one of fathers and children (n=365). Children are between 14 and 21 years old. Two methods are used: First, sequence analysis based on the relationship history of both mothers and fathers is used to construct family trajectories. Second, structural equation models (SEM) are carried out to investigate the influence of maternal and paternal family trajectories on children’s life satisfaction, self-esteem and depressive feelings. Results reveal that children report a lower well-being if mothers never repartner, have a LAT relationship or have had several relationships after their divorce. For fathers, the opposite effect was found: children report a lower well-being when their fathers are remarried or living with a new partner after their divorce.

Family researchers have long been concerned with the implications of the division of labour and gender role attitudes in families. This research adds to the literature by investigating associations between parental gendered attitudes and behaviours with children’s socio-emotional difficulties, within the context of household socio-economic and demographic characteristics. Additionally we consider whether parents’ psychological distress mediates this relationship.

This research uses the UK Millennium Cohort study, a nationally representative longitudinal study of 18,552 children born during 2000-2002. Data is analysed using multilevel mixed linear regression where children’s scores over time from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) are modelled with parental gender attitudes, division of labour and other parental characteristics as exposures, analyses were also stratified by child gender.

Parental gender attitudes at baseline were associated with children’s SDQ throughout childhood, negative attitudes towards maternal employment predicted greater difficulties for children. In unadjusted and partially adjusted models both boys and girls were similarly affected by gender attitudes. More egalitarian divisions of labour were also associated with lower difficulty scores for children. After adjusting models for a variety of household and parent characteristics, parental gender attitudes remained strongly associated with SDQ scores in girls while the division of labour remained important for boys.

By exploring family gender dynamics as predictors of well-being, this research demonstrates interesting links with childhood socio-emotional health in a recent UK cohort. Furthermore, certain associations between parental gender attitudes, division of labour and SDQ were robust to multiple adjustment for family demographic and mental health variables.

Outcomes of adolescence can be seen as individual and social developmental tasks that prepare one to become a productive, healthy, responsible, well-functioning adult. This includes a minimal level of personal competence, personal relationships, personal well-being, the capacity for intimacy and social bonding, a healthy lifestyle and the avoidance of problem behaviour.

The Romanian sample of 3509 nationally representative high school students in their final school year (12th grade) was surveyed in Nov 2012-Jan 2013 in the first wave of "Outcomes of Adolescence. A longitudinal perspective on the effect of social context on successful life transitions" project. The 2nd wave of the longitudinal study took place in Dec 2014-Jan 2015.

The first wave questionnaire evaluated the educational situation (results, the intention continuation of the studies), the orientation toward the labour market (the entry on the labour market, their long-term work-related aspirations as well as their representations regarding career possibilities), their social capital (relations with family, peers from neighbourhood, friends), their well-being, health and risky behaviour. The second wave is oriented toward measuring specific outcomes of adolescence and toward taking into account life-course events and other social circumstances that could influence young people on their path to adulthood.

We intend to present the outcomes of adolescence for the socially excluded youth and to assess if the worsening of specific outcomes can be attributed to family characteristics.

One of the most significant societal changes of the past decades is the rise in female labor force participation. However, still the labor force participation of women lags far behind that of men, when the degree of employment is considered. Thus, time restrictions due to family responsibilities seem to still present one of the main obstacles for women’s employment.

Against this background the question arises, to what extent the outsourcing of domestic labor, for example by hiring a household help, might present a viable solution for women to reconcile family responsibilities with employment.

The investigation of the interrelation between household gender arrangement, domestic labor and employment promises specific insights into how structural and normative aspects interact to produce the observed employment patterns. Using an unique representative dataset collected for evaluation of a program of the German Federal Ministry for Families, Senior Citizens, Women and Youths (N= 1312) this article seeks to provide theoretical and empirical evidence on the effects of hiring a household help for female labor market decisions in Germany. In particular the dataset contains several items that were specifically included into the survey for addressing outsourcing issues. Moreover, we exploit the quasi-experimental design of the study and qualitative data collected during the program participation to access the normative components of household labor.

The results reveal that outsourcing, program participation and work attachment are closely interrelated and that for all three processes beside economic determinants gender roles and gender identity play a crucial role.

In Germany, availability of institutional child care is still limited and lower than in several other European countries. Although in recent years there have been improvements, particularly in the Western part of the country (where provision rates were traditionally lower than in the Eastern part), institutional child care for children under three years of age is not available for the majority of children. Since child care is a prerequisite for maternal employment, it is also important for families’ financial status.

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between attitudes towards maternal employment and institutional child care with actual market behaviour, the extent of labour supply and usage of institutional child care. Do these attitudes shape behaviour or do other socio-economic (e.g., qualification) and structural factors (e.g., service provision, region) limit maternal employment and therefore leave families at risk of poverty?

In the analysis we use the fifth wave of the German panel study “Labour Market and Social Security”, a representative sample of individuals and households, which includes specific questions on these attitudes. We pay special attention to household contexts (lone parents, number of children, partners’ employment status) and regional differences, since East and West Germans traditionally differ with respect to gender-role attitudes, provision of institutional child care and labour market conditions. The aim is a description of the aforementioned attitudes and their differences among population subgroups as well as an estimation of their effects on behaviour vis-à-vis other determinants in a series of regression analyses.

This article analyses the generation gap in the duration of long-term career interrup-tions due to childcare among mothers of two children and how are these differences moder-ated by a country’s dominating family policy regime. The outcomes of the multilevel analysis reveal that mothers born after 1960have significantly lower odds of interrupting their career for longer than ten years compared to older women. A country’s dominating family policy model plays a significant role in explaining propensity of long career breaks. Mothers from countries with post-socialist, Southern European and pro-egalitarian models exhibit lower odds of experiencing long-term career interruptions than those in pro-traditionalist countries. Differences between generations are moderated by countries’ family policy models. Among younger generation, the propensity of experiencing long career breaks is smaller in the post-socialist and non-interventionist regimes than in countries with a pro-traditionalist family policy legacy.

The focus of this study is on women and men managers’ career-spouse dynamics. A narrative approach is utilized to investigate how the managers make meaning of the support they receive from their spouses for their careers and how they produce discursively gender relations between the spouses. In particular, we are interested in how the women’s and men’s narration is similar and different. The research data consists of 58 interviews of Finnish women and men who both are having a demanding managerial career and are parents. A narrative analysis provided by Gergen and Gergen (1988) is applied. In the analysis, four groups of narratives by women managers were identified: quitting deficient spousal support, harmoniously flourishing support, inconsistent spousal support, and irrelevant support. The same analysis procedure with male managers produced three groups of narratives: negotiated spousal support, enriching spousal support and declining spousal support. The results indicate that both women and men managers construct their spousal support as changing along the course of their career, however the spousal support is constructed more often non-existent in the narratives of women managers. It is suggested that spousal support in which traditional gender relations are produced seem to be less problematic for male managers’ careers than for those of women managers. Additionally, more fluid and equal gender relations seem to be advantageous for subjective career success and work-family integration for both women and men managers. More information about the work-family relationship in top levels of organizations is needed.

In recent years, productive and reproductive work have become subject to demographic and social changes that are embedded in neo-liberal policies and framings. Neo-liberalism articulates demands, standards and expectations due to new forms of political government and a revaluation of societal values (Lemke 2006) - following Foucault practices of ‘self-governance’. Entrepreneurial universities as increasingly and highly competitive institutions and work places follow neo-liberal interests, p.ex. when fighting to keep the best researchers in their country, when implementing New Public Management strategies, when addressing women to activate female ‘human resources’ and when implementing so called dual career services.

The mixture of neoliberal economic interests in academia and of family interests and concerns becomes important when scientists decide to have children. Based on processes of transformation and reconfiguration within work and family spheres this paper deals with neoliberal modes of the subjectification of dual career parents engaged in science. Using an analytical governmental perspective, discursive and biographical research results of two projects are linked and assessed to trace the interdependencies between the spheres of production and reproduction and current developments of gender relations concerning the compatibility of scientific work and family. More specifically, the empirical data of a discursive analysis and of an interview analysis are intertwined (Tuider 2007), leading to findings concerning the subject and identity formations (of scientists and parents) and adressing the question how gendered subjects locate themselves within their specific subject positioning.

Subject positionings are defined as discursive effects within a social field, while discourses as practices systematically shape the objects they are talking about (Foucault 1973). Current principles of economization guide and instruct (often indirectly, unconsciously) the subject as a neoliberal self in private and work contexts to act independently, autonomously and self-sufficiently (Sauer 2008) – to use the neoliberal rhetoric as an entrepreneurial self (Bröckling 2012). At the same time, neoliberal invocations and requirements seem to carry a subtext of restoring traditional gender relations (Sauer 2008). After analysing the discursive process and enforcement of neo-liberal modes of subject constructions of parenthood in academia, the insights and findings obtained will be discussed and evaluated in terms of its interdependencies between the spheres of production and reproduction in neo-liberalism.

This research project aims to examine the dynamics of interaction and reciprocal dependence structures among Turkish family members who have settled in Duisburg. The central research question is determined by the development of intergenerational lebenswelt, or “lifeworld,” contexts and the transitions throughout the lives of Turkish settlers and future generations.

The exploration of transition procedures are based on biographic narrative interviews with family members. The data will be interpreted following Rosenthal’s method of analysis, which deduces the experienced and narrated biography and outlines a complex understanding of a person. This biographical procedure initiates conclusions about normative notions of social structure and knowledge order as well as construction of meaning and cultural formation.

The evaluation of the data thus far explores indications to applicable intergenerational transition. This can be reconstructed by the development of socio-economic advancement from first generation and second-generation Turkish immigrants in Germany.

Based on empirical qualitative research analysis the study derives more information about the Turkish family and living in Germany. Furthermore it offers possible explanations how families can be supported.

This paper foregounds visibly ethnically different families (Phoenix, 2011) in Denmark These comprise both.families with parents from two different countries (India and Denmark) and families with transnational adoptees (South Korea). The former are barely scientifically explored due to the dominant colorblindness discourse, while later comprise a heated topic challenging poor (global south) adoptee meeting a loving Danish family’ discourse.

How do these family members narrate their experiences of societal encounter is the research question, which is answered through two qualitative interview studies of intermarried persons N =14, (Singla, 2015) and transnational adoptees N= 35 (Myong, 2011). respectively.The narratives are analysed for the meaning making processes within theoretical frameworks comprising of intersectionality combined with everyday life approach in the former and poststructuralism in the latter.

The results indicate both the possibilities and the limitations involved, highlighting the internal - intersubjective experiences, and the external aspects - the structural factors, other(s) gaze towards the visible differences. Furthermore some parental experiences in transmitting racial literacy- identifying racism as a serious problem and preparing children to cope are seen. For the transnational adoptees, inclusion as Danish implies exclusion from categories such as Korean. Also anxiety from the adoptive family regarding exclusion/alienation entails ambivalences and paradoxes.

Alongside colorblindness, limited/ missing racialisation discussions, the visible bodies of spouses, children in the mixed families and the transnational adoptees are made salient in their everyday lives in interactions with the white majority population through experiences as gaze, curious questions concerning the ethnic origin or direct exclusions.

Post-enlargement labour migration within the EU boosted research interests regarding the changing family relations within the 'borderless Europe', especially with regard to the impact of migration on parenting and children. This article seeks to explore how care-arrangements of migrating parents and parents who stay behind are configured by institutional contexts in both sending and receiving countries. The target group of the research is parents who migrated from Poland, Romania and Latvia their countries’ accession to the EU and work in the lower-paid sectors of the Swedish labour market. Study participants were recruited in Sweden for qualitative interviews using a range of different sites, including NGO and trade union organisations, formal and personal networks, as well as snowballing. Drawing on Kilkey & Merlas' analytical approach to families' care-giving arrangements as being situated in a particular institutional context, the article argues that the rights to welfare and family life in Sweden are conditional and highly stratified according to the working migrant residence and employment statuses. The analysis highlights the complex implications that the Swedish and homes countries national policies have on migrants’ personal experiences of parenting across the borders through the following questions: How do motivation for migration and its temporary character change over time? What are the ambivalences in providing care across the borders? What is the role of informal networks in mitigating the institutional constrains? What motivates migrants to reunite with their children and/or partners in Sweden or to continue living apart as a transnational family?